7 Reasons Why You Dont Want to Miss Writing.ie

7 Reasons Why You Dont Want to Miss Writing.ie As a self-described complete online magazine, Writing.ie has a vast collection of writing resources for writers across genres and around the globe, although its seat of operations is in Dublin, Ireland. Additionally, it offers an events calendar that is absolutely free for authors wishing to announce a literary event or book launch. That, combined with a Resources Page updated often and weekly make the site a useful bookmark for any writer looking for tips, inspiration, marketing outlets, or even the chance to Tell your own story to like-minded authors who access the site daily.The site is established and run by Vanessa Fox OLoughlin, one of Irelands leading literary scouts and former consultant and presenter for WritersWebTV, bringing free, live, online workshops to writers worldwide.In case these details alone are not temptation enough to visit and bookmark the site, here are seven reasons why if youre a writer, you dont want to miss all that Writing.ie has to offer.Writing.ie is a website full of great blogs across several genres and topics related to the writing process and industry.#1. Kate Dempseys Poetic License blogAs one of many guest blogs published on the site, Kate Dempseys Poetic License blog has much to offer writers interested in the art of poetry. It primarily focuses on competitions and publishing opportunities open to poets across a scope of topics and highlights interesting calls for poems both in the U.K. and around the world. For example, this call for submissions for poems about scientists experience announces the opportunity for writers, who find themselves at that strange intersection of science and poetry, to submit their work to a paid anthology entitled Spectral Lines. Although the submission deadline has passed for this particular work, it highlights some of the fascinating opportunities for poets that the blog offers. If youre a poet, its incredibly helpful to know whos looking for your poems and where to send them. If youre a poet in the Dublin area, or the U.K., this is an opportunity you certainly dont want to miss.#2. Hazel Gaynors Carry On Writing blogAs an acclaimed New York Times, USA Today and internationally bestselling author of five novels, Hazel Gaynors debut post, A Beginning and an End, is a great taste of the kind of honest approach she takes in the blog. Heres a quote from it:Im starting to think publishing deals dont really exist, that theyre just myths, the stuff of legend; about as simple to track down as the Ark of the Covenant or the golden snitch.Being an aspiring writer is no easy thing, as any aspiring writer will tell you. Its a lonely, frustrating occupation, riddled with potential for disappointment and despair but – and heres the thing – with the benefit of hindsight, Ive come to the conclusion that the rejections and close-shaves have made me more determined than ever to succeed. Of course, Id be lying if I said I hadnt thrown the occasional strop on the way to reachi ng this conclusion, or curled up on the sofa in a deep rejected-author malaise, unable to speak to anyone, let alone turn on the laptop or pick up a pen, but Im pleased to have reached this conclusion all the same.Hazel Gaynor#3. Louise Phillipss Crime Scene blogIf you write crime or thriller novels, Louise Phillipss Crime Scene blog is for you. Ranging from her lists of Delicious Reads of Irish Crime Fiction books to calls for submissions for Crime novelists, this blog offers information about new books in the genre that have launched, writing conferences and courses, and tips for writers looking to sharpen their crime writing skills. She also offers writing tips and advice for the genre, which can be a great help for anyone looking to break into the industry with their own crime novel.#4. Olivia Hope and Niamh Garveys Flourish Blogs about writing for childrenWritten and curated by Olivia Hope and Niamh Garvey, Down the Rabbit Hole by Flourish and Blogs offers fascinating explorat ions of the genre for anyone interested in writing and publishing childrens books. As an example article, Uncomfortable Childrens Books is an examination of the question of what topics are safe for childrens literature. In it, Garvey writes:This is a generation where mental health problems are beginning younger and younger in children. Childhood anxiety, depression and low self-esteem are on the increase. There is a tendency to panic, to think we must protect our children and teenagers from any hardship, to helicopter around them dropping cotton wool at their feet and shaded glasses on their eyes in case they see something unpleasant. They mustnt read that book, where people starve to death, where people die violently, where families are ripped apart, because it will make them sad. And yet, those same children and teenagers are allowed online alone, where more real-life danger lies than the in woods down the road at night.Niamh GarveyIn addition to their thoughtful criticism, this w riting due include within their blog childrens book events, new releases, lists of must-reads, and more. As a parent and a writer, I found this blog to be an intriguing and thoughtful read, even though I dont plan to publish in the childrens book genre.#5. Tara Sparlings The Lighter Side blog offers satire and humorIn this blog about book humor, selling trends, marketing and character stereotype follies, Tara Sparlings writing lifts the spirits of her readers- often by stating the obvious on a not-so-obvious path to writing a bestseller. For example, in her post, Who Are You NOT Writing For This Year?, she takes a satirical approach to the all-important writers audience and offers a handy list of all the people you are definitely NOT writing for in 2019. Included on this list are: The cool kid in your class you asked out when you were 15, your ex-spouse, your current spouse, your next spouse, and book reviewers, among others.In another post, You Think 5-Star Reviews Are So Great? Th ink Again, she asks:Youre certain you want to award 5 stars to this? The highest accolade of them all? This is truly one of the best books youve ever read? Its better than the last 20 books you read and the 20 you read before that?No it isnt. Stop 5-starring like its the 1980s. Give it the solid and absolutely fine 3 it deserves.Tara Sparling#6. Derek Flynns SongBook blog about writing from a musicians perspectiveAs an Irish writer and musician, Derek Flynn has much to say about the connections and inspiration he draws from music, including an ongoing series like this one with interviews of various authors asking about how music has shaped and inspired their writing.Other articles approach literature and writing through music-related concepts, such as this piece titled Literary One Hit Wonders, which discusses famous authors known only by one book. He writes:Of course, when we mention literary one hit wonders, most people will think of Harper Lee and To Kill A Mockingbird, possibly the most famous example (and well ignore the dubious release of Go Set A Watchman). But there are some other- probably equally as famous- examples. There is, of course, JD Salinger, author of Catcher in the Rye, who subsequently wrote only a handful of short stories and novellas- no more novels- and gave his last interview in 1980.But while Lee and Salinger chose not to write any more novels, there are others who died before getting the chance to write more, leaving us wondering what might have been.Derek FlynnFlynn also writes of local publishing opportunities or jobs available in the industry, as well as competitions and anthologies seeking submissions.#7. Resources for writersFinally, and as mentioned earlier, the websites section for Resources for writers is packed with valuable information and links to sources writers can use throughout the drafting, editing, publishing and marketing phases of their writing journey.The Resources tab of the site offers links to sources writers c an use throughout the entire process of writing, from first draft to marketing the published work.In the Resources submenu, there are links to the following directories or sources, with additional submenus within each:Services for writersEssential guidesGetting publishedBetter fiction guidesBetter nonfiction guidesWrite for stage and screenBetter poetry guidesDeveloping your craftNational Emerging Writers Program (NEWP)Final takeawayWhile many of the literary events, book signings, and course offerings showcased in writing.ie are for the Dublin, Ireland and Greater U.K. area, there are parts of the site and blogs that provide great sources for writers around the globe. The section I found most helpful as a writer is the Writing Competitions under the Magazine menu. It was chock full of calls for submission, competitions, anthology notices, and publishing opportunities for writers of all genres, and included important information such as deadlines, how to submit your manuscript, and links to the main website for each entity seeking writers or submissions. Ill be using it in the coming months to seek out publishing opportunities and I hope youll be equally as excited about the excellent opportunities that are available.

Environmental Science essays

Environmental Science essays Florida is known for its fertile lands and climate conducive to growing a number of different types of produce. Most famous for citrus production, Florida also produces a wide range of other crops in addition to oranges and grapefruits. Tomatoes, beans, cabbage, and a host of other fruits and vegetables are grown on Florida soil. However, much of this produce does not reach the shelves of Florida grocers. Local produce is commonly shipped to other states or other countries. Likewise, Florida imports many fruits and vegetables, many of which are grown in more temperate climates or which are exotic but also many that are grown in Florida as well. Sometimes states like Florida import produce that would normally be grown locally because of drought, freezes, crop diseases, or other environmental or meteorological factors. However, economics is a significant factor in determining the flow of imports and exports of crops. If a crop can be produced in a developing nation and shipped to Florida at a cheaper price than it would cost to grow that crop locally, then it is highly likely that the crop will be imported. Moreover, seasonal variation of crops determines what times of the year crops are more likely to be imported versus grown in Florida. According to www.florida-agricultre.com, bananas, beans, garlic, ginger, limes, mushrooms, okra, onions, and papaya are locally produced throughout the year. However, a few visits to the grocery store indicated that not all of these crops bear local labels. Bananas, for instance, were from a number of Central American nations including Chile and Mexico. The other items in the list of those produced year-round do not indicate country of origin. While the Florida Department of Agriculture offers lists of crops grown in the state, as well as ones that are exported abroad, the department does not clearly indicate which crops are commonly imported or ...

Is the U.S. seeking to contain China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Is the U.S. Seeking to Contain China - Essay Example Such moves are seen as a threat to the security and stability of the region and a deliberate attempt by China to assert its power over its neighbors. This action prompted the U.S to construct an offshore alliance with other military forces in the eastern and southern borders of China such as Japan and South Korea. The U.S also formed the SEATO and ANZUS treaties which linked up countries such as Thailand, Philippines, Australia and New Zealand as its allies in the period between 1949 and 1969. It maintained military bases in these regions and also went to the extent of encouraging them to refrain from entering into diplomatic ties with China. However, over the years the Chinese have managed to create a coalition with some of its neighbors who are dedicated to containing Chinese power. Notably, these coalition partners include South Korea, Vietnam, and the Philippines all of whom previously were U.S allies. This is some circles can be viewed as a deliberate move by the Chinese government to move into the territory previously occupied by the Americans. Such moves are further fuelling tensions of the intentions of such a quest for power and dominance by China. Furthermore, the Chinese constant threats to Japan over the island dispute amid the already heightened tensions created by its military forces are not helping the situation. These islands called Diaoyo by the Chinese and Senkaku by the Japanese has ushered in a new rise to probable aggressions and security instability especially considering Chinas firm stand on the subject. These threats to Japan further escalated when the Chines targeted a Japanese ship with its weapo ns radar, a situation that did not go unmentioned when Japans prime minister issued a stern response terming that move as dangerous.  

Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report - Assignment Example The advent of new technology will contribute to raise the productivity and will also reduce the production cost. The introduction of upgraded technology will enhance the power quality. The technological progress in the production process will also contribute in the distribution process of power. In this fashion less power will be lost in the distribution process and can be utilized by the people (Mkpandiok & Dimla, 1999). Price The price is the most important determinant that either drives the consumers towards the products or drives them away. If the price strategy is attractive the consumers will be driven to buy the products (Salzman, 2008). Again if the consumers believe the price is costlier than the substitutes available in the market, they will drive themselves towards the substitutes. Therefore thorough market research is necessary before labelling up the price. The company firstly needs to target the consumer base. If the target base is the upper income level people then the incomes of those consumers should be taken into account while adopting the appropriate price strategy. It is important to judge the demand throughout the year as well. It is recommended to use the flexible or the reasonable price strategy since this will allow the middle income group to fall with the consumer base. This strategy will have two objectives (Belohlavek, 2008). On one hand the company will be able to cement the consumer base while on the other the demand for the product will raise which will tend to bring in more revenue into the company. The middle income group generally have low disposable income and so a reasonable price strategy will be mouth watering for them. Place The first thing which the company will like to do is to target the areas where it expects to attain maximum demand. An effective market research technique is indispensible in this case. The population, income levels, the demand potential are some of the parameters that are taken into account while analy sing the target market (Shaad, & Wilson, 2009). Once the potential areas have been identified the company needs to tap them either with the help of some attractive strategies or with various methods of advertisements. Once the potential market gets tapped the company needs to recruit the suppliers to maintain the distribution chain. These suppliers will provide electricity to the entire geographic location. Promotion It is necessary to increase the brand awareness in the modern world. The consumers are inclined towards brand and therefore companies tend to focus a lot today on generating brand value (Viardot, 2008). The brand value can be gained through various modes of advertising namely print media or digital media. The advertisements cement the name of the brands on the minds of the consumers. Similar advertisement initiatives include sponsorship of sporting events or television programs. The point is to stay in touch with the consumers all the time in whatever way it can be. Few Statistics The demand of energy has significantly increased over the last few decades. Significant energy production and appropriate distribution can drive the nation towards development and growth. Nigeria Follows federal constitution. The purpose of the study is to develop marketing mix strategy for the energy providing company in Nigeria. The organization is trying to provide electricity in the Nigerian Market. The Nigerian electricity industry is very much potential. The industry is suffering from

TopShop - The Marketing Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

TopShop - The Marketing Story - Essay Example Fashion customers are ever demanding for something new, original and creative for a marketer it is very tough and demanding to provide for. TopShop a leading UK chain of fashion clothing and accessories which caters for this need for the highly fashion conscious market. This store has risen to cult status and is one leading brand name in high street fashion. What makes TopShop click? TopShop implements aggressive marketing strategies. It is constantly there in the minds of people. The positioning is extremely strong. Marketing strategies have to be designed and modified according to the market conditions.This is required for the success of the strategies. We are going to analyse the designing and implementation of various marketing strategies as per the changing external environment. Let us look into history of TopShop. TopShop was launched in 1964. It is a branch of Arcadia group. It started with a concept of high end fashion. Today TopShop doesn’t attract only high end shopp ers. It is a fashion destination for ramp and catwalk fashion seekers as well. It is an excellent example of high end meets catwalk. The flagship store is located at oxford circus with a whopping 90,000 square feet area where the daily footfall is 200 000 and more customers and almost more than half of them shop something or the other in the other. Marketing Strategies implemented by TopShop: 1. Logic of high end meets catwalk: Catwalk fashion is inaccessible, not wearable and expensive for a common fashion seeker. Combining the cost and the cuts makes TopShop click. This enables to provide for maximum fresh looks in a given season for the shop and increases sales. 2. Cost: TopShop costs are perfectly balanced, not being cheap and not being expensive either. 3. All in one shopping experience: TopShop provides accessories, bags, shoes, etc. under one roof. For men’s shopping it provides game zones, relaxing zones etc. So shopping is not perceived as a cumbersome and compulsory activity as usually perceived by men. 4. Supply matching with the demand: Fashion marketer needs to cater the market at a top speed. TopShop keeps pace with the demand by aggressive supply to the shops and chain it has set up. 5. Personalised services: TopShop has set up personalised advisors for guiding fashion seekers. Topshop takes pride in the fact that these style advisors are like walking catalogues on the shop and are available for help. 6. Celebrity branding: TopShop has always roped in celebrities like Kate Moss, Beyonce, Victoria Beckham for its promotion adding to the glamour quotient of the shop 7. Supporting new designers: TopShop supports upcoming designers to showcase their work. This gives the shop an advantage of setting new trends in the market with fresh cheerful designs PEST Analysis for TopShop This analysis is used for analysing external factors affecting an organization. All the marketing strategies mentioned above have helped TopShop set up in the domestic e nvironment. As confirmed by SWOT analysis and life cycle curve, TopShop now needs to look beyond the national boundaries. TopShop with its aggressive expansion plan has already stated that it intends to move abroad for an excellent growth opportunity. Let us analyse TopShop’s current marketing strategies with respect to the external environment of emerging economies where TopShop is set to expand: 1. Political factors: Description: For business to survive, sustain and grow a stable political environment is required. The degree on intervention a government will have in businesses and economy also makes a difference for the business. Political decisions make or mar the businesses. What is also needed to be seen is the development of infrastructure and education of the workforce, both directly connected with the political factor in PESTEL affecting businesses. UK: Political environment is stable. TopShop has seen various governments coming from the headquarters of Conservative o r Labour Party. However the government has managed to provide excellent

Ac Power Logger Using Mcp39009 Engineering Essay

Ac Power Logger Using Mcp39009 Engineering Essay In this project we are going to record power consumption using MCP3909 by using AVR 5A microcontroller. This MCP 3909 is an energy metering IC with SPI interface and active power pulse output. Where the MCP3909 used in two different phases that can be operated at a time like 1.Output through active pulse power and 2. Waveform obtained as output through SPI interface. For the output real pulse power, the device gives frequency output proportional to instantaneous power. For the waveform output, it gathers data from the current and voltage channel and both are 16 bit second order delta sigma ADC . Through out this project time I learnt to do coding in C programming to get pulse output that shows the consumption of power. This program is developed to use with microcontroller Easy AVR 5A type of AT Mega 16. This program is executed by using AVR Studio by running it through AVR Flash and the output pulse wave form is gathered at AT Mega 16 board and we can check using oscilloscope. Here to have connection between AVR board AT Mega 16 and CPU we use USB which acts like supply and we use USART to transfer data between each other. As in my project I have MCP3909 as separate board I should give correct connection between MCP 3909 and AT Mega 16 correct supply connections. As I am doing project in embedded microcontroller with C programming and output I get is pulse waveform so for better performance and other reasons I took Easy AVR AT Mega 16 development board with 8 KHz frequency. My project is AC power logger using MCP3909 where MCP 3909 is an energy metering IC with SPI interface and active power pulse output. Where the MCP3909 used in two different methods where they can be operated at a time like 1.Output pulse power and 2. Waveform we get as output through SPI interface. For the active real power pulse output, the device gives output frequency which is proportional to instantaneous power. For the waveform output, it gathers data from the current and voltage channel and both are 16 bit second order delta sigma ADC which over samples input signal at frequency equal to MCLK/4 and allows large range of input signals. For channel 0, the increase in the current at channel 0 is done through programmable gain amplifier increase.. As I get pulse count at output when we use oscilloscope to get exact count and good performance I use Easy AVR 5A AT Mega 16 microcontroller. This AT Mega 16 microcontroller allows assembly language and C language programming but I did coding for counting the power consumption using MCP3909 in C language. In this first I gave USB and USART connection between CPU and AT Mega 16 board, here I gave MCP3909 connection with AT Mega 16 and gave current and voltage channel input to MC3909 and I get pulse output this is with out SPI pin not in use but still they should be connected. But for SPI connection program I will give voltage and current with 50hz frequency and take output voltage and current values from the hyper terminal connection and calculate the output values. In this whole project time I began to understand the SPI and USART connection to write program in C language and also understood how the MCP3909 works . The energy meter is a device which is used for electrical measuring, it is used to record electrical energy consumed in specific period of time in terms units Every house, small factory, business establishments, shops, offices etc need at minimum one energy meter to register power consumption. The one who supplies electricity raises bills based on readings shown in energy meter. The one who produces electricity sale the electricity to the electricity boards and board will sale this to costumer. So the data generated by the energy meter is the base to raise bill by the power supplier. This energy meter products are available in single and three phases at different current ratings as per customer requirements. This energy meters are basically electrical and mechanical components. The design of energy meter depends upon which rating of voltage and current meter has to work. In this project the energy metering IC that we take is MCP3909 which is used for supporting IEC 62053 which is standard international meter. It gets the output frequency which is proportional to real power as input so as to access the ADC channel and output of multiplier data. The delta sigma which is 16bit ADC is used to allow large range of currents using the design. The exact or appropriate energy IC is available in the industry which is highly reliable and which has 24-lead SSOP output pin. In this functional as we can see it shows ch0 and ch1 channels where these are inputs and given from the current and voltage transformers .The gains g0 and g1 are also given as input and the dual functionality pin is connected for SPI connections and also for f0, f1,f2. The outputs we take from the active power DTF conversion as HFout and other outputs Fout0 and Fout1 are obtained from stepper motor output drive for active power. The above one is the general block diagram of MCP3909, but the diagram that I use here shows the diagram with the connections , this shows how the MCP 3909 is internally connected to oscillators ,jumpers and for the output using its 24pins. It shows that for the jumper j7 it connects internally to fout 0/1, hfout. For the jumper j2 it shows the connections to spi communications connected and the jumper j6 to ch0 and ch1 channels. The digital voltage acts as digital circurity in MCP3909 where it is the one where we get digital power supply. This pin requires appropriate by pass capacitors and should be maintained to 5V. In both the input channel levels this pin acts as HPF and where it controls the flow of signals. The logic 1 will activate both the filters for removing the DC offset from the system and this logic 0 will disable both the filters so due to this they allow DC voltage. This is analog circuit pin which is used to give analog power supply with in MCP 3909 an this pin requires exact bypass capacitor which gives ramp signal with rising and falling edges and it must be maintained at 5V. This pins are used for current measurements and where they initially take analog voltage as input and convert to current and this will have PGA for small input signal. The linear and the region where it characteristics of this channel are dependent on PGA gain. It relates to maximum voltage of 470Mv/G and the voltage range changes from 1 to 6 V with respect to Agnd. . This pins are used for voltage measurement and this pins initially take difference analog voltage input. The linear and specific behaviour of this voltage channel is maximum at 660mV with absolute voltage 1V Here for the internal 2.4V reference the output is the reference in/out and with temperature coefficient of 15ppm/c. Here by applying the voltage to this pin from the specified range we can use external reference and these reference in/out pin uses bypass capacitor to AGND even when using internal reference.. This is the analog ground where all the ADC,PGA,POR and band gap reference are connected to ground and this is analog circuit. To have noise signal to be cancelled this pin should be connected to same ground as Dgnd with star connection. This is the normal ground connection where SINC filters, multipliers, HPF, LPF, digital to frequency convertor and oscillator; this is used as internal circuit connection. To have accurate and noise to be cancelled this digital ground should be grounded same as analog ground with star connection. The output pins that are connected to MCP3909 are frequency outputs that give us real power and the signal that we get when connected to oscilloscope is pulse where this pulse period is directly proportional to power and Fc constant. This pins helps us to activate the electro mechanical counters and also two phase stepper motor. The high frequency output supplies instantaneous real power information and out put is periodic pulse and where it is directly proportional to measured l power and HFC constant obtained by F0,F1,F2 logic gates and the output that obtained is the fastest output frequency. These oscillators will provide sine waveform with clock source and these oscillators are mainly used to give clock signal for master in the device. The clock frequency is given as 3.57MHz and this clock frequency value should range from 1to 4 MHz with out any error. In this to convert the signal from digital domain which has wide dynamic range we use PGA to do this function which is common thing done in wireless communication. To load normally input signal from analog to digital we need to increase the amplitude so to do this we use PGA. High resolution sigma to delta ADCs all have Programmable Gain Amplifier at input to the sigma to delta modulator is given as shown below The PGA on the ADs chip offer eight input ranges to ADC with 2.5 voltage reference, the eight reference voltages are 2.56V,1.28V,640mv,160mv,40mv.if reference voltage is doubled to 5v then full scale input for each range is halved. So the actual signal range for any PGA settings are given as, VREF*1.024/2(7-RN) where RN value is 111 when ref voltage is 2.5v The main use of PGA is that the noise in terms of micro voltage decreases when the gain increased. In effect the input signal is gained up but the noise is not gained up, so there is an improvement in signal to noise ratio. The pins reference sampling rate is given at 524 khz and capacitor value is fixed so there is no variation in reference current and any gain error that has due to resistance on reference input is also fixed. If reference current changes on sigma to delta the gain error that occurs also varies and the benefit of using ADC will be lost. The PGA for the ADC offers benefits of high resolution and low noise at high gain , but without the disadvantages of requiring regular calibration every time the range is changed. A buffered input and new reference sampling scheme avoid many of the problems associated with previous multirange ADC. All the delta sigma ADCs , registers, filters, multipliers are controlled by reset of master clear and this pin is also used to change their serial interface and behaviour or functionality. The logic 0 controls the ADC and registers in reset condition. The only one that uses power during master clear is oscillator. The microcontroller manufactures produce other design products so that they are related to their own design and in this we require another output pin. This condition or situation is correct for small design products where they have eight pins are fewer than that. This microcontroller has two output pins, one input pin , RAM flash and ADC module .For programming the microcontroller mode you need MCLR and supply pins(VCC and GND). To run or make the coding active we need mainly power supply and MCLR,microcontroller must see the difference between normal and program mode. Here the MCLR takes 12V to enter program mode and it takes external reset or input pin to enter into normal mode. The microcontroller design uses one pin for analog input and has other three outputs and it also requires an additional output, so for this reason the circuit uses MCLR pin as output. To make MCLR pin to act as output the microcontroller uses weak pull-ups. Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) is the process of sampling continuous analog signal and converting the signal into quantitized representation of signal in digital domain and all the ADC architectures will convert analog signal into digital representation. The conventional ADC process takes input signal x(t) into sequence of digital codes x(n) at sampling rate fs=1/t, where T represents sampling interval this sampling function is equivalent to modulating input signal by set of carrier signals with frequencies 0,fs,2fs †¦. The sample signal is expressed as summation of original signal component and frequency, here the frequency modulated by integer multiple of sampling frequency. The signal component at frequency in input signal cannot be properly sampled and such signals get folded in base band signal creating in this non-linear is referred to as aliasing . Anti-aliasing filters are therefore required to prevent aliasing. Many A/D converters have successive or continuous approximation register and flash converters operate at nyquist rate fn. These converters sample analog signal at sample frequency equal to twice maximum frequency of input signal. Sigma Delta AD converters do not digitize the incoming analog signal into digital sample of n-bit precision at nyquist rate, sigma delta ADC samples the analog signal by an sample ratio N resulting Fn One of the advantages of sigma-delta ADC over nyquist ADC is the relaxation of the requirements for the anti aliasing filter. The requirement of anti-aliasing filter for nyquist rate ADC require sharp pass band (fs) to stop band (fn) The sigma delta ADC contains simple analog circuits like voltage reference, comparator, integrator,summing circuit and switch and in this the digital circuit consists of digital signal processing which acts as filter. Now consider technique of oversampling in frequency domain when converting to dc signal it has quantization error up to  ½ LSB and this sampled data has quantization noise. If ADC is less than perfect or exact value its noise is greater than quantization noise so due to this its resolution will be small than n bits and its actual resolution is given by The sampling rate is chosen as Kfs then quantization noise is q/sqrt12 due to this noise will spread at bandwidth dc to Kfs/2 , So to reduce noise we use digital low pass filter at output with out disturbing the wanted signal. K is referred as sampling ratio and this sampling relaxes requirement on the analog antialiasing filter. Here the data rate is less than the sampling rate and to satisfy nyquist criteria and this is done by using low pass filter to reduce the bandwidth, this process can be done by giving Mth result to output with neglecting the remainder and this process is known as decimation by factor M. This M can have any value such that output data rate is greater than twice the bandwidth. If we use oversampling to improve resolution then the oversampling must be factor of 22N to get N bit resolution increase, the sigma delta converters does not require any large oversampling because it limits to pass band signal and shapes the quantization noise to fall outside the pass band as shown in figure. Here we have 1-bit comparator (ADC) when we use it integrator output, then sum the input voltage with output of 1-bit DAC which we get from ADC output.. The digital low pass filter and decimator at digital output are added to get sigma delta ADC and after this signal is given to modulator where it modifies quantization noise by making it to lie above pass band filter ,so due to this the ENOB is larger than the expected sampling ratio. The sigma delta ADC operation is like the input given as Vin which is dc and the integrator consistently move up and down at node A and here output of comparator is given to 1-bit DAC and summing point at node B. This negative feedback value will force the average dc voltage at node B to be equal to Vin. The output voltage from the DAC is controlled in the 1-bit data stream of the comparator output. After that when the input signal rises at Vref, the number of ones at the serial bit stream also increase and due to this there is decrease in zeroes and in the same way as the signal of Vref goes negative the serial bit stream at one decrease and at zero it increases. Here it shows that average value at voltage as input is in serial bit stream which comes from comparator and decimator and filter allow stream and give output. The data from the 1-bit ADC is not worth full when the given input value is single sample interval, so when we have more number of samples that are averaged will provide correct value. The sigma delta can not give detailed values in the time domain because of the single bit data output, so when the single input is near positive side it shows more ones than zero and in the same way when the input signal is near to negative it shows more number of zeroes than ones and if it is in midscale then it shows equal number of zeroes and ones. The below figure shows the output of integrator for two conditions where the first one is for input zero near the midscale so decode them pass output samples through low pass filter that averages every four samples this shows the bipolar zero. So from this we can say that if more number of samples are averaged more dynamic range is obtained. The sigma delta ADC can also be seen as synchronous voltage to frequency converter with the counter. If the number of ones in the output data stream is counted from the samples then the counter output will give digital value of output, this method applies only when have dc or for slow changing input signal. The 2N clock cycles are counted to achieve N-bit resolution and there by for getting effective sampling rate. Here noise shaping is explained in frequency domain by using sigma delta modulator. In this the integrator which is present in the modulator represents an analog low pass filter with transfer function H(f)=1/f and this transfer function shows that the amplitude not directly proportional to frequency. The one bit quantize gives quantization noise Q and it is given to output sum block. If we have input signal X and output signal Y the value that comes out of summing point is X-Y and after that it is multiplied by the transfer function and this is given as, From the equation if we see that if f=0 the output Y reaches X with no noise , and at high frequency the amplitude of the signal reaches zero and noise value reaches Q. So due to this the analog filter has signal effect on low pass and high pass effect on noise Q. This filter does noise shaping at given frequency in delta sigma model and higher order filter gives more attenuation in sigma delta modulators but some precautions should be taken. We get good quantization noise and best ENOB for given sample when we have more integrator and summing points in sigma delta modulator. This figure is giving the relationship between order of sigma delta modulator and oversampling amount to reach SNR. If oversampling is taken 60 then the second order capable of giving SNR of 80db and also gives ENOB value as 13 and in this we have filter to reduce noise and decimator to decide degree. This carries 13 bit outside but if you want to use additional bits, these added bits that carry signals has no useful value and buried in quantization noise unless the post filtering is used. The resolution can be increased from the 1-bit system by increasing the oversampling ratio or by higher order modulator. In the other method for the waveform output we give current and voltage as input which are 16bit and then given to second order sigma delta ADC where it oversamples input at frequency equal to MCLK/4 and with this it allows for wide range of input signals. The input current channel (channel 0) usable range is increased with the programmable gain amplifier and this is linked with block diagram of MCP3909 and gives in detail of its signal processing blocks. To cancel the system offset on both the channels we use to high pass filter and from output of filter we get voltage and current, so when calculating power we should not get any offset. As this signals are not having DC offset so the averaging technique is used to give active power output. The power signal at we get after filtering is active power output it is DC component and for averaging technique use sine and non-sine waveform after this the ADC takes real power to give output pulse where the frequency is directly proportional to real power. The frequency present at FOUT 0, FOUT1 outputs are used to drive counters and stepper motor which shows power consumed. Every pulse from F0, F1, F2 settings are used to give fixed amount of energy , the HFOUT has less integration and high frequency to represent power signal and due to less time it helps the user to get values fastly under steady condition. . For the current and voltage transducers the MCP3909 analog inputs are connected and each pin has specifications like it should pass from 5kV to 500V contact charge. The differential input is given for both the channels to reduce noise and absolute voltage should be kept at 1V related to AGND so this can do error measurement. The common mode signal is taken to respect both last condition and input voltage difference range and for good common mode ration to should be referred to ground. The current channel has PGA gain to measure small signal with out other signal. The maximum differential voltage we have at channel0 is 470mV/Gain. The maximum voltage fro channel1 is 660mV. For channel 0 gain selection is given as, This MCP3909 has internally POR to check supply voltage AVdd and this check when the systems power is on or off. This POR has built in hysteresis and timer to check potential ripple and noise on power supply. For this the threshold voltage is typically set to 4V. The MCP3909 is kept in reset state if the supply voltage falls less than threshold voltage and hysteresis value is 200mV to prevent glitches. Once the power is on the internal timer stop sending the pulse with MCLK=3.58MHz there by preventing potential metastability. For calculating the active power the MCP3909 use digital filter which is first order IIR filter where we can extract real power (DC component) from the power signal. Since the input power signal has harmonic content. We get ripples from the filter output at line of frequency when the filter is not ideal. To reduce the noise for line frequency at 50Hz we use cut off frequency as input clock (MCLK=3.58 MHz). The rejection of frequency component will be more than 20db. In this at the frequency converter the output of filter is stored and then it is helpful to compare threshold for Fout0/1 and HFout and each time threshold is crossed we get pulse. The Fout0/1 require more energy to get output pulse than HFout , like integration period and as this acts as filter the output ripple or noise is minimum. The threshold or transfer function of HFout and Fout0/1 are different to each other. The threshold energy or transfer function are different to each other , the Fout0/1 output frequencies are quite low in order to allow integration. In this synchronous serial transmission clock is shared between sender and receiver or the sender gives timing signal so that the receiver knows when to read next bit of data. In this serial transmission if we do not have data to send then fill character is sent instead of data so to keep transmission continually, these synchronous communication is efficient because in these we have only data transmission between sender and receiver.. for example the synchronous transmission is used between printer and fixed device where data is sent in one set of wire and clock is sent in different wire. This RS 232 is asynchronous serial communication method which is used for computers and others, it is called as asynchronous because there is no synchronizing clock present like which is in SPI where it is serial protocol, the serial protocol is such that it automatically synchronize itself. We can use RS 232 to easily create data link between boards and standard PC, you can makes data loggers that read analog value from ADC and give it to PC this is done by writing program that shows data with using graphs. In serial communication the byte is sent or transmitted one bit at time but in parallel communication the whole data like byte (8 bit) transmitted at a time. So for that we use parallel communication to send data in shorten distance like between graphic card and CPU and these parallel can have say many wires as possible , but serial communication uses one wire to transfer data so it is used for long distance. In series the logic level changes with the bit being transmitted (0 or 1) and to know which is start bit and end bit in byte we need to add synchronize line and note the value of data line when the clock line is high but this is the way the serial buses like SPI work . UART is not having clock because it is asynchronous but start bit and stop bit are used to synchronize the incoming data. When the word is in transmission start bit is added at start of each word and this tells the receiver that data is read to sent and forces the receiver clock to be synchronous with clock of transmitter. These two must not have same frequency drift but can have same clock. After the start bit is sent each bit in word are given least significant bit (LSB) and each bit from transmitter is sent with same time and receiver is in half way to check that bit is one or zero. The sender will not know when receiver looks at the bits but sender knows when the clock says to begin to send next bit of word. When the complete data word is sent the transmitter adds parity bit and at the receiver uses this parity bit for error checking and at last the one stop bit is sent by the transmitter, if the receiver does not receive the stop bit when it is supposed to be the UART thinks the entire word to be garbled and reports framing error to host when data word is read. This framing error occurs because the sender and receiver clocks are not running at same speed. Whether the data is sent or not the UART automatically discard start, stop and parity bit and if another word is coming the start bit for new word comes as soon as the stop bit for existing word been sent RS 232 In this it has two data line like RX and TX , where TX is the wire where data is sent out to other device and RX is the line in which other device put data it needs to send. We know that high = 5v and low =0v for MCU boards and this RS 232 has high=12v and low=-12v. So to make RS 232 to interface with MCU which understands 0 to 5 volts we use MAX232. As RS232 has no clock line for synchronization perfect timing is needed so transmissions are carried out in certain speed which is bits per second and number of bits transmitted per second is know as baud rate. Some standard rates are 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, etc. RS 232 Level conversion As seen above the RS232 signals differ from signals in MCU, this level converter will convert RS 232 signals from -12 to 12 volts from PC to signal 0 to 5 volts to fed to MCU. It is good to check the operation so we use converter to see its working nature, so for this we need Hyper-terminal windows software which is used to open COM port and to send and receive textual data. For testing we need to connect output RX/TX together so data written to COM ports to enter our circuit and converted to MCU board signal level. After this understand the USART of AVR Microcontroller and write code to activate USART to send and receive data, like other microcontrollers AVR also has main hardware for serial communication this is called USART. In this USART hardware you need to write data to one of registers. Clock generation. This generator generates the base clock for transmitter and receiver, this USART supports four modes of clock operation 1. Normal Asynchronous, 2. Double speed asynchronous, 3. Master synchronous and 4.slave synchronous mode. The UMSEL bit in the UCSRC (control and status register) is the one that selects between synchronous and asynchronous operation. Double speed(asynchronous mode) is controlled by U2X found in UCSRA register. When UMSEL=1 the data direction register for the XCK controls weather the clock source is internal (master mode) or external (slave mode) and this is shown in block diagram Txclk- transmitter clock(internal signal) Rxclk receiver clock(internal signal) Xcki used for synchronous slave operation Xcko used for synchronous master operation Fcso- system clock Baud rate generator The USART Baud rate register and down counter are connected as programmable prescaler or baud rate generator. The down counter which is running at the system clock(fosc) is loaded with UBRR value each time the counter has counted down to zero and clock is generated each time counter reaches zero and the clock generated is the baud rate generator clock output = fosc/(UBRR+1). The transmitter divides the baud rate generator clock output by 2,8.16 depending on the mode and this baud rate generator is directly used by receiver clock and data recovery units. The baud rate generator equations are given as, Operating mode Calculating baud rate Calculating UBRRvalue Asynchronous normal mode Baud= fosc/(UBRR+1)16 UBRR= fosc/16baud   1 Asynchronous double speed mode Baud= fosc/(UBRR+1)8 UBRR= fosc/8baud   1 Synchronous master mode Baud= fosc/(UBRR+1)2 UBRR= fosc/2baud   1 External clock The synchronous mode operation is done by using external clock and external clock input from XCK is sampled by synchronous register to reduce change in stability and the output from synchronous register must pass through edge detector before it is used by transmitter and receiver. This process includes two CPU clock period delay and its frequency is given as FXCK USART of AVR The USART of AVR is connected to CPU by these six registers UDR- USART Data Register: basically this is not one but two register , when you read it data is stored in receiver buffer and when you write it gives to transmitter buffer. UCSRA: USART Control and Status Register: as it name says it stores some status about USART and there are some of this kind like UCSRB and UCSRC. UBRRH and UBRRL: This is USART baud rate register, it i s16 bit wide so UBRRH is high byte and UBRRL is low byte . To write programs with using USART you need to study about each register, the seen behind using USART is same with other internal peripheral. now we will describe each registers clearly This bit is set when USART completed receiving byte from host and program should read from UDR and this flag bit is set when unread data is present in receiver buffer and gets cleared when receiver buffer is empty. If the receiver is disabled, the receiver buffer is flushed and the RXC will completely zero. Bit 6- TXC: transmit complete This bit is set 1 when USART has completed transmitting byte to host and program can write new data to USART through UDR. The transmit flag bit is cleared automatically when TXC interrupt is executed. Bit 5 UDRE USART Data Register Empty The UDRE flag first tells us that the transmit buffer (UDR) is ready to

Ac Power Logger Using Mcp39009 Engineering Essay

Ac Power Logger Using Mcp39009 Engineering Essay In this project we are going to record power consumption using MCP3909 by using AVR 5A microcontroller. This MCP 3909 is an energy metering IC with SPI interface and active power pulse output. Where the MCP3909 used in two different phases that can be operated at a time like 1.Output through active pulse power and 2. Waveform obtained as output through SPI interface. For the output real pulse power, the device gives frequency output proportional to instantaneous power. For the waveform output, it gathers data from the current and voltage channel and both are 16 bit second order delta sigma ADC . Through out this project time I learnt to do coding in C programming to get pulse output that shows the consumption of power. This program is developed to use with microcontroller Easy AVR 5A type of AT Mega 16. This program is executed by using AVR Studio by running it through AVR Flash and the output pulse wave form is gathered at AT Mega 16 board and we can check using oscilloscope. Here to have connection between AVR board AT Mega 16 and CPU we use USB which acts like supply and we use USART to transfer data between each other. As in my project I have MCP3909 as separate board I should give correct connection between MCP 3909 and AT Mega 16 correct supply connections. As I am doing project in embedded microcontroller with C programming and output I get is pulse waveform so for better performance and other reasons I took Easy AVR AT Mega 16 development board with 8 KHz frequency. My project is AC power logger using MCP3909 where MCP 3909 is an energy metering IC with SPI interface and active power pulse output. Where the MCP3909 used in two different methods where they can be operated at a time like 1.Output pulse power and 2. Waveform we get as output through SPI interface. For the active real power pulse output, the device gives output frequency which is proportional to instantaneous power. For the waveform output, it gathers data from the current and voltage channel and both are 16 bit second order delta sigma ADC which over samples input signal at frequency equal to MCLK/4 and allows large range of input signals. For channel 0, the increase in the current at channel 0 is done through programmable gain amplifier increase.. As I get pulse count at output when we use oscilloscope to get exact count and good performance I use Easy AVR 5A AT Mega 16 microcontroller. This AT Mega 16 microcontroller allows assembly language and C language programming but I did coding for counting the power consumption using MCP3909 in C language. In this first I gave USB and USART connection between CPU and AT Mega 16 board, here I gave MCP3909 connection with AT Mega 16 and gave current and voltage channel input to MC3909 and I get pulse output this is with out SPI pin not in use but still they should be connected. But for SPI connection program I will give voltage and current with 50hz frequency and take output voltage and current values from the hyper terminal connection and calculate the output values. In this whole project time I began to understand the SPI and USART connection to write program in C language and also understood how the MCP3909 works . The energy meter is a device which is used for electrical measuring, it is used to record electrical energy consumed in specific period of time in terms units Every house, small factory, business establishments, shops, offices etc need at minimum one energy meter to register power consumption. The one who supplies electricity raises bills based on readings shown in energy meter. The one who produces electricity sale the electricity to the electricity boards and board will sale this to costumer. So the data generated by the energy meter is the base to raise bill by the power supplier. This energy meter products are available in single and three phases at different current ratings as per customer requirements. This energy meters are basically electrical and mechanical components. The design of energy meter depends upon which rating of voltage and current meter has to work. In this project the energy metering IC that we take is MCP3909 which is used for supporting IEC 62053 which is standard international meter. It gets the output frequency which is proportional to real power as input so as to access the ADC channel and output of multiplier data. The delta sigma which is 16bit ADC is used to allow large range of currents using the design. The exact or appropriate energy IC is available in the industry which is highly reliable and which has 24-lead SSOP output pin. In this functional as we can see it shows ch0 and ch1 channels where these are inputs and given from the current and voltage transformers .The gains g0 and g1 are also given as input and the dual functionality pin is connected for SPI connections and also for f0, f1,f2. The outputs we take from the active power DTF conversion as HFout and other outputs Fout0 and Fout1 are obtained from stepper motor output drive for active power. The above one is the general block diagram of MCP3909, but the diagram that I use here shows the diagram with the connections , this shows how the MCP 3909 is internally connected to oscillators ,jumpers and for the output using its 24pins. It shows that for the jumper j7 it connects internally to fout 0/1, hfout. For the jumper j2 it shows the connections to spi communications connected and the jumper j6 to ch0 and ch1 channels. The digital voltage acts as digital circurity in MCP3909 where it is the one where we get digital power supply. This pin requires appropriate by pass capacitors and should be maintained to 5V. In both the input channel levels this pin acts as HPF and where it controls the flow of signals. The logic 1 will activate both the filters for removing the DC offset from the system and this logic 0 will disable both the filters so due to this they allow DC voltage. This is analog circuit pin which is used to give analog power supply with in MCP 3909 an this pin requires exact bypass capacitor which gives ramp signal with rising and falling edges and it must be maintained at 5V. This pins are used for current measurements and where they initially take analog voltage as input and convert to current and this will have PGA for small input signal. The linear and the region where it characteristics of this channel are dependent on PGA gain. It relates to maximum voltage of 470Mv/G and the voltage range changes from 1 to 6 V with respect to Agnd. . This pins are used for voltage measurement and this pins initially take difference analog voltage input. The linear and specific behaviour of this voltage channel is maximum at 660mV with absolute voltage 1V Here for the internal 2.4V reference the output is the reference in/out and with temperature coefficient of 15ppm/c. Here by applying the voltage to this pin from the specified range we can use external reference and these reference in/out pin uses bypass capacitor to AGND even when using internal reference.. This is the analog ground where all the ADC,PGA,POR and band gap reference are connected to ground and this is analog circuit. To have noise signal to be cancelled this pin should be connected to same ground as Dgnd with star connection. This is the normal ground connection where SINC filters, multipliers, HPF, LPF, digital to frequency convertor and oscillator; this is used as internal circuit connection. To have accurate and noise to be cancelled this digital ground should be grounded same as analog ground with star connection. The output pins that are connected to MCP3909 are frequency outputs that give us real power and the signal that we get when connected to oscilloscope is pulse where this pulse period is directly proportional to power and Fc constant. This pins helps us to activate the electro mechanical counters and also two phase stepper motor. The high frequency output supplies instantaneous real power information and out put is periodic pulse and where it is directly proportional to measured l power and HFC constant obtained by F0,F1,F2 logic gates and the output that obtained is the fastest output frequency. These oscillators will provide sine waveform with clock source and these oscillators are mainly used to give clock signal for master in the device. The clock frequency is given as 3.57MHz and this clock frequency value should range from 1to 4 MHz with out any error. In this to convert the signal from digital domain which has wide dynamic range we use PGA to do this function which is common thing done in wireless communication. To load normally input signal from analog to digital we need to increase the amplitude so to do this we use PGA. High resolution sigma to delta ADCs all have Programmable Gain Amplifier at input to the sigma to delta modulator is given as shown below The PGA on the ADs chip offer eight input ranges to ADC with 2.5 voltage reference, the eight reference voltages are 2.56V,1.28V,640mv,160mv,40mv.if reference voltage is doubled to 5v then full scale input for each range is halved. So the actual signal range for any PGA settings are given as, VREF*1.024/2(7-RN) where RN value is 111 when ref voltage is 2.5v The main use of PGA is that the noise in terms of micro voltage decreases when the gain increased. In effect the input signal is gained up but the noise is not gained up, so there is an improvement in signal to noise ratio. The pins reference sampling rate is given at 524 khz and capacitor value is fixed so there is no variation in reference current and any gain error that has due to resistance on reference input is also fixed. If reference current changes on sigma to delta the gain error that occurs also varies and the benefit of using ADC will be lost. The PGA for the ADC offers benefits of high resolution and low noise at high gain , but without the disadvantages of requiring regular calibration every time the range is changed. A buffered input and new reference sampling scheme avoid many of the problems associated with previous multirange ADC. All the delta sigma ADCs , registers, filters, multipliers are controlled by reset of master clear and this pin is also used to change their serial interface and behaviour or functionality. The logic 0 controls the ADC and registers in reset condition. The only one that uses power during master clear is oscillator. The microcontroller manufactures produce other design products so that they are related to their own design and in this we require another output pin. This condition or situation is correct for small design products where they have eight pins are fewer than that. This microcontroller has two output pins, one input pin , RAM flash and ADC module .For programming the microcontroller mode you need MCLR and supply pins(VCC and GND). To run or make the coding active we need mainly power supply and MCLR,microcontroller must see the difference between normal and program mode. Here the MCLR takes 12V to enter program mode and it takes external reset or input pin to enter into normal mode. The microcontroller design uses one pin for analog input and has other three outputs and it also requires an additional output, so for this reason the circuit uses MCLR pin as output. To make MCLR pin to act as output the microcontroller uses weak pull-ups. Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) is the process of sampling continuous analog signal and converting the signal into quantitized representation of signal in digital domain and all the ADC architectures will convert analog signal into digital representation. The conventional ADC process takes input signal x(t) into sequence of digital codes x(n) at sampling rate fs=1/t, where T represents sampling interval this sampling function is equivalent to modulating input signal by set of carrier signals with frequencies 0,fs,2fs †¦. The sample signal is expressed as summation of original signal component and frequency, here the frequency modulated by integer multiple of sampling frequency. The signal component at frequency in input signal cannot be properly sampled and such signals get folded in base band signal creating in this non-linear is referred to as aliasing . Anti-aliasing filters are therefore required to prevent aliasing. Many A/D converters have successive or continuous approximation register and flash converters operate at nyquist rate fn. These converters sample analog signal at sample frequency equal to twice maximum frequency of input signal. Sigma Delta AD converters do not digitize the incoming analog signal into digital sample of n-bit precision at nyquist rate, sigma delta ADC samples the analog signal by an sample ratio N resulting Fn One of the advantages of sigma-delta ADC over nyquist ADC is the relaxation of the requirements for the anti aliasing filter. The requirement of anti-aliasing filter for nyquist rate ADC require sharp pass band (fs) to stop band (fn) The sigma delta ADC contains simple analog circuits like voltage reference, comparator, integrator,summing circuit and switch and in this the digital circuit consists of digital signal processing which acts as filter. Now consider technique of oversampling in frequency domain when converting to dc signal it has quantization error up to  ½ LSB and this sampled data has quantization noise. If ADC is less than perfect or exact value its noise is greater than quantization noise so due to this its resolution will be small than n bits and its actual resolution is given by The sampling rate is chosen as Kfs then quantization noise is q/sqrt12 due to this noise will spread at bandwidth dc to Kfs/2 , So to reduce noise we use digital low pass filter at output with out disturbing the wanted signal. K is referred as sampling ratio and this sampling relaxes requirement on the analog antialiasing filter. Here the data rate is less than the sampling rate and to satisfy nyquist criteria and this is done by using low pass filter to reduce the bandwidth, this process can be done by giving Mth result to output with neglecting the remainder and this process is known as decimation by factor M. This M can have any value such that output data rate is greater than twice the bandwidth. If we use oversampling to improve resolution then the oversampling must be factor of 22N to get N bit resolution increase, the sigma delta converters does not require any large oversampling because it limits to pass band signal and shapes the quantization noise to fall outside the pass band as shown in figure. Here we have 1-bit comparator (ADC) when we use it integrator output, then sum the input voltage with output of 1-bit DAC which we get from ADC output.. The digital low pass filter and decimator at digital output are added to get sigma delta ADC and after this signal is given to modulator where it modifies quantization noise by making it to lie above pass band filter ,so due to this the ENOB is larger than the expected sampling ratio. The sigma delta ADC operation is like the input given as Vin which is dc and the integrator consistently move up and down at node A and here output of comparator is given to 1-bit DAC and summing point at node B. This negative feedback value will force the average dc voltage at node B to be equal to Vin. The output voltage from the DAC is controlled in the 1-bit data stream of the comparator output. After that when the input signal rises at Vref, the number of ones at the serial bit stream also increase and due to this there is decrease in zeroes and in the same way as the signal of Vref goes negative the serial bit stream at one decrease and at zero it increases. Here it shows that average value at voltage as input is in serial bit stream which comes from comparator and decimator and filter allow stream and give output. The data from the 1-bit ADC is not worth full when the given input value is single sample interval, so when we have more number of samples that are averaged will provide correct value. The sigma delta can not give detailed values in the time domain because of the single bit data output, so when the single input is near positive side it shows more ones than zero and in the same way when the input signal is near to negative it shows more number of zeroes than ones and if it is in midscale then it shows equal number of zeroes and ones. The below figure shows the output of integrator for two conditions where the first one is for input zero near the midscale so decode them pass output samples through low pass filter that averages every four samples this shows the bipolar zero. So from this we can say that if more number of samples are averaged more dynamic range is obtained. The sigma delta ADC can also be seen as synchronous voltage to frequency converter with the counter. If the number of ones in the output data stream is counted from the samples then the counter output will give digital value of output, this method applies only when have dc or for slow changing input signal. The 2N clock cycles are counted to achieve N-bit resolution and there by for getting effective sampling rate. Here noise shaping is explained in frequency domain by using sigma delta modulator. In this the integrator which is present in the modulator represents an analog low pass filter with transfer function H(f)=1/f and this transfer function shows that the amplitude not directly proportional to frequency. The one bit quantize gives quantization noise Q and it is given to output sum block. If we have input signal X and output signal Y the value that comes out of summing point is X-Y and after that it is multiplied by the transfer function and this is given as, From the equation if we see that if f=0 the output Y reaches X with no noise , and at high frequency the amplitude of the signal reaches zero and noise value reaches Q. So due to this the analog filter has signal effect on low pass and high pass effect on noise Q. This filter does noise shaping at given frequency in delta sigma model and higher order filter gives more attenuation in sigma delta modulators but some precautions should be taken. We get good quantization noise and best ENOB for given sample when we have more integrator and summing points in sigma delta modulator. This figure is giving the relationship between order of sigma delta modulator and oversampling amount to reach SNR. If oversampling is taken 60 then the second order capable of giving SNR of 80db and also gives ENOB value as 13 and in this we have filter to reduce noise and decimator to decide degree. This carries 13 bit outside but if you want to use additional bits, these added bits that carry signals has no useful value and buried in quantization noise unless the post filtering is used. The resolution can be increased from the 1-bit system by increasing the oversampling ratio or by higher order modulator. In the other method for the waveform output we give current and voltage as input which are 16bit and then given to second order sigma delta ADC where it oversamples input at frequency equal to MCLK/4 and with this it allows for wide range of input signals. The input current channel (channel 0) usable range is increased with the programmable gain amplifier and this is linked with block diagram of MCP3909 and gives in detail of its signal processing blocks. To cancel the system offset on both the channels we use to high pass filter and from output of filter we get voltage and current, so when calculating power we should not get any offset. As this signals are not having DC offset so the averaging technique is used to give active power output. The power signal at we get after filtering is active power output it is DC component and for averaging technique use sine and non-sine waveform after this the ADC takes real power to give output pulse where the frequency is directly proportional to real power. The frequency present at FOUT 0, FOUT1 outputs are used to drive counters and stepper motor which shows power consumed. Every pulse from F0, F1, F2 settings are used to give fixed amount of energy , the HFOUT has less integration and high frequency to represent power signal and due to less time it helps the user to get values fastly under steady condition. . For the current and voltage transducers the MCP3909 analog inputs are connected and each pin has specifications like it should pass from 5kV to 500V contact charge. The differential input is given for both the channels to reduce noise and absolute voltage should be kept at 1V related to AGND so this can do error measurement. The common mode signal is taken to respect both last condition and input voltage difference range and for good common mode ration to should be referred to ground. The current channel has PGA gain to measure small signal with out other signal. The maximum differential voltage we have at channel0 is 470mV/Gain. The maximum voltage fro channel1 is 660mV. For channel 0 gain selection is given as, This MCP3909 has internally POR to check supply voltage AVdd and this check when the systems power is on or off. This POR has built in hysteresis and timer to check potential ripple and noise on power supply. For this the threshold voltage is typically set to 4V. The MCP3909 is kept in reset state if the supply voltage falls less than threshold voltage and hysteresis value is 200mV to prevent glitches. Once the power is on the internal timer stop sending the pulse with MCLK=3.58MHz there by preventing potential metastability. For calculating the active power the MCP3909 use digital filter which is first order IIR filter where we can extract real power (DC component) from the power signal. Since the input power signal has harmonic content. We get ripples from the filter output at line of frequency when the filter is not ideal. To reduce the noise for line frequency at 50Hz we use cut off frequency as input clock (MCLK=3.58 MHz). The rejection of frequency component will be more than 20db. In this at the frequency converter the output of filter is stored and then it is helpful to compare threshold for Fout0/1 and HFout and each time threshold is crossed we get pulse. The Fout0/1 require more energy to get output pulse than HFout , like integration period and as this acts as filter the output ripple or noise is minimum. The threshold or transfer function of HFout and Fout0/1 are different to each other. The threshold energy or transfer function are different to each other , the Fout0/1 output frequencies are quite low in order to allow integration. In this synchronous serial transmission clock is shared between sender and receiver or the sender gives timing signal so that the receiver knows when to read next bit of data. In this serial transmission if we do not have data to send then fill character is sent instead of data so to keep transmission continually, these synchronous communication is efficient because in these we have only data transmission between sender and receiver.. for example the synchronous transmission is used between printer and fixed device where data is sent in one set of wire and clock is sent in different wire. This RS 232 is asynchronous serial communication method which is used for computers and others, it is called as asynchronous because there is no synchronizing clock present like which is in SPI where it is serial protocol, the serial protocol is such that it automatically synchronize itself. We can use RS 232 to easily create data link between boards and standard PC, you can makes data loggers that read analog value from ADC and give it to PC this is done by writing program that shows data with using graphs. In serial communication the byte is sent or transmitted one bit at time but in parallel communication the whole data like byte (8 bit) transmitted at a time. So for that we use parallel communication to send data in shorten distance like between graphic card and CPU and these parallel can have say many wires as possible , but serial communication uses one wire to transfer data so it is used for long distance. In series the logic level changes with the bit being transmitted (0 or 1) and to know which is start bit and end bit in byte we need to add synchronize line and note the value of data line when the clock line is high but this is the way the serial buses like SPI work . UART is not having clock because it is asynchronous but start bit and stop bit are used to synchronize the incoming data. When the word is in transmission start bit is added at start of each word and this tells the receiver that data is read to sent and forces the receiver clock to be synchronous with clock of transmitter. These two must not have same frequency drift but can have same clock. After the start bit is sent each bit in word are given least significant bit (LSB) and each bit from transmitter is sent with same time and receiver is in half way to check that bit is one or zero. The sender will not know when receiver looks at the bits but sender knows when the clock says to begin to send next bit of word. When the complete data word is sent the transmitter adds parity bit and at the receiver uses this parity bit for error checking and at last the one stop bit is sent by the transmitter, if the receiver does not receive the stop bit when it is supposed to be the UART thinks the entire word to be garbled and reports framing error to host when data word is read. This framing error occurs because the sender and receiver clocks are not running at same speed. Whether the data is sent or not the UART automatically discard start, stop and parity bit and if another word is coming the start bit for new word comes as soon as the stop bit for existing word been sent RS 232 In this it has two data line like RX and TX , where TX is the wire where data is sent out to other device and RX is the line in which other device put data it needs to send. We know that high = 5v and low =0v for MCU boards and this RS 232 has high=12v and low=-12v. So to make RS 232 to interface with MCU which understands 0 to 5 volts we use MAX232. As RS232 has no clock line for synchronization perfect timing is needed so transmissions are carried out in certain speed which is bits per second and number of bits transmitted per second is know as baud rate. Some standard rates are 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, etc. RS 232 Level conversion As seen above the RS232 signals differ from signals in MCU, this level converter will convert RS 232 signals from -12 to 12 volts from PC to signal 0 to 5 volts to fed to MCU. It is good to check the operation so we use converter to see its working nature, so for this we need Hyper-terminal windows software which is used to open COM port and to send and receive textual data. For testing we need to connect output RX/TX together so data written to COM ports to enter our circuit and converted to MCU board signal level. After this understand the USART of AVR Microcontroller and write code to activate USART to send and receive data, like other microcontrollers AVR also has main hardware for serial communication this is called USART. In this USART hardware you need to write data to one of registers. Clock generation. This generator generates the base clock for transmitter and receiver, this USART supports four modes of clock operation 1. Normal Asynchronous, 2. Double speed asynchronous, 3. Master synchronous and 4.slave synchronous mode. The UMSEL bit in the UCSRC (control and status register) is the one that selects between synchronous and asynchronous operation. Double speed(asynchronous mode) is controlled by U2X found in UCSRA register. When UMSEL=1 the data direction register for the XCK controls weather the clock source is internal (master mode) or external (slave mode) and this is shown in block diagram Txclk- transmitter clock(internal signal) Rxclk receiver clock(internal signal) Xcki used for synchronous slave operation Xcko used for synchronous master operation Fcso- system clock Baud rate generator The USART Baud rate register and down counter are connected as programmable prescaler or baud rate generator. The down counter which is running at the system clock(fosc) is loaded with UBRR value each time the counter has counted down to zero and clock is generated each time counter reaches zero and the clock generated is the baud rate generator clock output = fosc/(UBRR+1). The transmitter divides the baud rate generator clock output by 2,8.16 depending on the mode and this baud rate generator is directly used by receiver clock and data recovery units. The baud rate generator equations are given as, Operating mode Calculating baud rate Calculating UBRRvalue Asynchronous normal mode Baud= fosc/(UBRR+1)16 UBRR= fosc/16baud   1 Asynchronous double speed mode Baud= fosc/(UBRR+1)8 UBRR= fosc/8baud   1 Synchronous master mode Baud= fosc/(UBRR+1)2 UBRR= fosc/2baud   1 External clock The synchronous mode operation is done by using external clock and external clock input from XCK is sampled by synchronous register to reduce change in stability and the output from synchronous register must pass through edge detector before it is used by transmitter and receiver. This process includes two CPU clock period delay and its frequency is given as FXCK USART of AVR The USART of AVR is connected to CPU by these six registers UDR- USART Data Register: basically this is not one but two register , when you read it data is stored in receiver buffer and when you write it gives to transmitter buffer. UCSRA: USART Control and Status Register: as it name says it stores some status about USART and there are some of this kind like UCSRB and UCSRC. UBRRH and UBRRL: This is USART baud rate register, it i s16 bit wide so UBRRH is high byte and UBRRL is low byte . To write programs with using USART you need to study about each register, the seen behind using USART is same with other internal peripheral. now we will describe each registers clearly This bit is set when USART completed receiving byte from host and program should read from UDR and this flag bit is set when unread data is present in receiver buffer and gets cleared when receiver buffer is empty. If the receiver is disabled, the receiver buffer is flushed and the RXC will completely zero. Bit 6- TXC: transmit complete This bit is set 1 when USART has completed transmitting byte to host and program can write new data to USART through UDR. The transmit flag bit is cleared automatically when TXC interrupt is executed. Bit 5 UDRE USART Data Register Empty The UDRE flag first tells us that the transmit buffer (UDR) is ready to

An Analysis of Page 69-70 of Chopin’s The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening

An Analysis of Page 69-70 of Chopin’s The Awakening Each time I read The Awakening, I am drawn to the passage on page 69 where Edna and Madame Ratignolle argue about â€Å"the essential† and â€Å"the unessential.† Edna tries to explain, â€Å"I would give up the unessential; I would give my money, I would give my life for my children; but I wouldn’t give myself.† What most would see as essential—money (you need it for food, clothing, shelter, etc) and life—Edna sees as â€Å"unessential.† Edna is speaking of more than that which one needs for physical survival; she would not hesitate to give her life to save the life of one of her children. On the other hand, Edna’s being, her â€Å"self,† is something quite different from her physical form. Madame Ratignolle simply does not understand Edna; to her, sacrificing one’s life is the utmost that a mother can do for her children. It is as if Edna was not even â€Å"talking the same language.† In fact, the two women might well be speaking different languages. Unlike Madame Ratignolle who seems to have a baby every couple of years, Edna’s head is not filled exclusively with thoughts about her children. Whereas Madame Ratignolle is motherly at all times, Edna often seems irritated by her role as mother, and her attentions to her children often occur as an afterthought. Madame Ratignolle’s entire being is bound to her children; Edna’s being is of her own design. For her there is more to life than marriage and babies and social obligations. Edna might well, at least in this passage, be asserting an early version of what Betty Friedan discusses in The Feminine Mystique. Previously, the narrator has intimated, â€Å"She had all her life long been accustomed to harbor thoughts and emotions which never voiced themselves. They had never taken the form of struggles. They belonged to her and were her own.† Her thoughts and emotions engulf her, but she does not â€Å"struggle† with them. They â€Å"belonged to her and were her own.† She does not have to share them with anyone; conversely, she must share her life and her money with her husband and children and with the many social organizations and functions her role demands.